Статьи журнала — Строительство уникальных зданий и сооружений
Ватин Николай Иванович, Чумадова Людмила Ивановна, Гончаров Иван Сергеевич, Зыкова Вера Владимировна, Карпеня Александр Николаевич, Ким Антон Александрович, Финашенков Евгений Александрович
Данная статья содержит обзор мирового опыта в области применения аддитивных технологий в строительной сфере. Использование 3D-печати позволяет воплотить в жизнь архитектурные проекты любой сложности, уменьшить количество производственных отходов, сократить дефицит жилого фонда, снизить материальные, энергетические и трудовые затраты на строительство. В статье рассмотрены основные технологии, которые используются для печати зданий и сооружений, их отличительные особенности. Также изучен вопрос о материалах, применяемых для изготовления строительной смеси. Особое внимание уделено оценке современного состояния 3D-печати в мире. Проведён обзор строительных компаний, производителей оборудования и исследовательских центров, которые являются основными участниками рынка. Основными задачами исследования являются: популяризация аддитивных технологий в России, способствование внедрению инновационных методов строительства, а также созданию нормативных документов, регламентирующих производственную деятельность
Усанова Ксения Юрьевна, Пичугин Егор Дмитриевич, Федотова Ксения Александровна
В представленной публикации, являющейся продолжением [1], приведены примеры проекта по дисциплине «Инженерная графика», выполненного в осеннем семестре 2011 г. студентами первого курса кафедры «Технология, организация и экономика строительства» Инженерно-строительного факультета СПбГПУ. Данная дисциплина поддерживается дистанционно с помощью обучения на платформе Moodle.
The problem of efficiency of application of special means of improving the quality of impregnation, modification and preservation of wood is extremely important in Russian economy. Economic and environmental efficiency of wood treatment with the aim of increasing its structural and finishing properties is quite obvious, but at the moment there is no single methodology for determining it for different types of impregnating polymeric composite materials and for the method of impregnation. The aim of this study is a detailed analysis of traditional and perspective methods of impregnation, preservation and modification of wood using different types of polymer composite materials, and identifying the most effective methods. The study gives a list of the main methods and means of wood protection, all groups of pests harmful to wood, and forms a list of technologies for the impregnation of wood using different physical peculiarities of the process and equipment according to the critical analysis of the technological equipment of the impregnation plants. One of the important results of the study is identifying criteria for the quality of impregnation of wood and recommendations on labor protection in enterprises, with consideration of environmental aspect. According to the results of the study the following conclusions are given: 1. It is extremely advisable to optimize parameters of deep impregnation of the wood with the use of basic available technologies. 2. At this time the most promising methods of wood treatment are autoclave method using a vacuum and high pressure, and the method of exposure to wood ultrasonic electromagnetic waves. 3. Technology ultrasonic industrial impregnations is still not developed, there is no technological scheme and necessary equipment.
Movafagh Sara Ramzani, Taheri Fard Ali Reza, Malah Hamid, Andrianova Maria
Performance to remove turbidity was studied in model waters for five coagulants: ferric chloride, alum, polyaluminum chloride, polyferric sulfate and polyaluminum chloride ferrous. In waters with high turbidity (100-300 NTU) performance of coagulants are similar (over 90%). Polymer coagulants showed better performance and low optimal dosages in waters with low turbidity (10 NTU). In general, polyferric sulfate showed better performance in removal of turbidity.
Pestryakov Igor Ivanovich, Gumerova Eliza Irikovna, Kupchin Alexey Nikolaevich
The application of vibration damping material is considered to be the most effective way of vibration absorbing of the steel shells of wagons and locomotives. The study showed dissipative characteristics of material by the example of the «Teroson WT 129», which were obtained experimentally: the elastic modulus E=0,096; 0,103 MPa, the dissipation factor ŋ=0,628; ŋ=0,454 for appropriate coating thickness 3.6 mm and 6.1 mm. Based on the findings comparative analysis was made with existing vibration-absorbing mastics: characteristics of the new coating «Teroson WT 129» higher than dissipative properties of other materials. In addition, our task was to estimate the effectiveness of the new material: a reduction of the vibration level ∆N is equal to 29dB. The final result of this study was the good prospects of practical application of studied material in thin sheet metal constructions in the manufacture of vehicles, railway wagons.
Aznabaev Askar Azamatovich, Ovsyannikova Alla Valeryevna, Povzun Anastasiia Olegovna, Gaevskaya Zlata Anatolyevna
Sustainable construction nowadays requires the use of environmental friendly materials with high rate of insulation. Straw construction presents some advantages such as renewability with low energy input, recyclability, CO2 storage, and local availability that implies short distribution cycle. However, before the introduction in the construction industry, attention needs to be paid to the construction technology using such natural materials. In this paper there were developed elements of enclosing structures for two technologies of straw frame building; was done thermal modeling of potentially weak assembles of building envelope; were calculated R-values and then compared with normative indexes; was evaluated efficiency of usability two technologies of low-raise building in cold and wet conditions of St. Petersburg.
Grigorian E.A., Surovenko V.B., Semenova M.D., Kormalova K.D.
The article presents the way of using articulated robotic manipulator with building a 3D printer for automation of brick masonry using traditional water-cement solution. The article describes in stages all the steps that need to be done with a robot manipulator in order to build a brick column, similar to the real one, without the use of hands. The column, according to preliminary data, must withstand a maximum load approximately equal to that which would withstand a column of the same material, but made by man. Later, the properties of 6 built brick columns are compared, half of which is built by a robot, and the other part — by a man. All advantages and disadvantages of the automated method of construction of stone structures are also considered. In the course of the work, such indicators as masonry time, structural strength, as well as their comparison with the indicators of structures erected by physical effort were revealed.
Tseytin Dmitry Nikolayevich, Nemova Darya Viktorovna, Kurasova Elena Vitalievna
Application of natural gas for ensuring heat and electricity is actively applied in many settlements of the Russian Federation and is the most favorable resource. Networks of distribution of natural gas don’t cover all volume of consumers and the question of accession to networks to become more and more sharp in view of a constant gain of again formed complexes of the housing estate remote from the cities and megalopolises, and consequently and from network communications.Alternative of leading of network gas is the device of the autonomous (personal) gasification, capacities resumed by liquefied gas. This method involves big financial expenses which have a big payback period, occupy part of elevated and underground space of the expensive earth, and also demands attention regarding maintenance and that periodic replenishment of the tank by the liquefied gas, as private use is important, attracts the raised expenses on transportation.The technology of application of the liquefied gas for the centralized providing with energy resources of a complex of building remote from network energy resources is considered in this work, the economic-mathematicalmodel of the first approach of the concept of the device of the settlement, allowing to determine the cost of received energy and equipment payback periods is offered.
Губина Ирина Алексеевна, Курочкина Ксения Юрьевна, Колбая София Георгиевна, Жук Татьяна Александровна
Проблема обеспечения требуемых параметров влажностного и воздушного режимов помещений актуальна как для производственных и общественных, так и для жилых зданий. Было проанализировано, что на данный момент большинство систем регулируют только температуру, концентрацию углекислого газа и влажность, а давление либо вовсе не регулируется, либо поддерживается повышенное или пониженное по сравнению со смежными помещениями. В данной статье рассмотрена новая система с автоматическим поддержанием параметров микроклимата в обслуживаемом помещении — система Автономной вентиляции и кондиционирования (AВК). Особенностью данной системы является способность поддерживать постоянное давление, в зависимости от колебаний атмосферного давления.Произведен обзор существующих систем аналогичного действия и оценка их возможностей. Выявлено, что AВК система в отличие от других существующих систем способна обеспечить повышенную комфортность внутри помещения за счет управления воздушным давлением относительно колебаний атмосферного. Вследствие чего были сделаны выводы об уникальности и новизне системы AВК.
Морина Елена Андреевна, Макаров Алексей Игоревич
В настоящее время строительные проекты приобретают все больший масштаб. Все шире становится спектр конструктивных и архитектурных форм мостовых сооружений, осваиваются новейшие строительные технологии и материалы. Контролировать и управлять крупными технологическими процессами невозможно без использования компьютерных технологий. Вследствие этого, широкое применение в области строительства находят BIM-технологии (Building Information Modeling — информационное моделирование здания). Главной целью данной статьи является определение и изучение инновационной BIM-технологии в отрасли проектирования мостов, а также раскрытие проблемы внедрения BIM-технологий в мостовое проектирование. В статье показано, что благодаря технологии BIM можно собрать и систематизировать все данные об объекте, а управление этой информацией сделать эффективным. На примере строительства моста через реку Янцзы выявлено, что в результате применения BIM, время реализации проекта сокращается в два раза, а также значительно проще и удобней осуществляется обслуживание готового объекта. В рамках поставленной цели решаются такие задачи, как выявление преимуществ и недостатков использования BIM-технологий в мостовом проектировании, а также изучение факторов, влияющих на переход к использованию данных технологий в проектных организациях. Для этого были изучены статьи, в полной мере раскрывающие возможности BIM-проектирования, и статьи, отражающие уровень распространенности BIM-технологий в гражданском строительстве и конкретно строительстве мостов на данный момент.
Three energy models of the apartment building with different level of detail were studied. The study was carried out to assess the possibility of simplifying the model of the late design stage or using the model of the early design stage to perform energy calculations. The maximum divergence of the calculation results of the simplified and detailed models did not exceed 10%. On average, the divergence of the results was equal to 8% in the case of the calculations of the concept and detailed models, and the divergence of the results was equal to 5% in the case of the calculations of the moderately simplified and detailed models respectively. In the case of energy calculations at the early design stage it can be considered a rather small value. The use of the simplified building model for energy calculations can be recommended. The use of the detailed model was considered to be irrational and can be recommended only in the case of the existence of compelling reasons.
Krivtcov Artem Valerevich, Kazakova Violetta Aleksandrovna, Mingalimov Iurii Andreevich, Bogdanov Pavel Andreevich, Nitsa Irina Anatolevna
This article is devoted to fireproof processing of steel structures. The main task is to consider different types of sections of rod elements and to choose the most effective section for a steel column from the point of view of fire protection. For the solution of this task the steel columns with various cross sections working in identical entry conditions were considered. All neces-sary calculations for all types of sections were carried out. Results of calculations were pre-sented in the summary table according to which the comparative analysis was made. At the end of work the conclusion that the compound section from four equal corners is the most effective from the point of view of fire protection.
Petrov Klim Valerijevich, Sled Ivan Alexandrovich, Orlov Oleg Anatoljevich, Rys Ivan Vladimirovich, Urustimov Ajdos Imankanovich
Korovina M.D., Kriulin K.N., Barashkova P.S.
A requirements analysis of construction norms of Russia in the field of storm sewer system calculation is presented in this paper. The analysis was done by comparing the results obtained from the calculations of the two storm collectors. The calculations were performed in accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.04.03-85 and its updated version — SP 32.13330.2012. An appreciable continuity of the basic calculation formulas and values was noted. The increase in the value of storm water design flow in the case of the calculation in accordance with SP 32.13330.2012 was amounted to about 79%. The increase in the price of several sections of storm sewer system project was amounted to about 15%.
Miftakhova Dinara Robertovna, Nemova Darya Viktorovna
It is hard to imagine the modern market of enclosing structures without the double-skin facades (DSF). Double-skin facades have established themselves as a multifunctional system capable to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The air gap under the facing is responsible for allocating the moisture from the construction. In the design of modern buildings, special solutions for enclosing structures can be applied. For example, the combined facades which includes DSF and a glass curtain wall. As a result, the air gap with variable width is formed. The purpose of this work is hydraulic calculation of the structure of the vertical air gap with variable width. It was proved that loss-reducing effect in air gap with variable width fails when building has large height and insufficient length of cantilevers. It was also proved that in the small gap free-convective flow is impossible. The results of this work may be found as practical application in the design of similar buildings and analysis of free-convection flow in the air gap of DSF.
Potapov Ivan, Potapov Stepan, Romanenko Michail
The process of urbanization is widely spread. New city territories are being built-up with residential buildings. These territories are located in the city center as well as on its outskirts. Therefore, developers should think about cost efficiency of the residential building construction which depends on the kind of building site. The main goal is to analyze the cost efficiency of the residential building construction in central districts of Saint-Petersburg and on its outskirts. It is necessary to calculate a number of parameters characterizing the cost efficiency of the constructing such kinds of objects and take into account factors influencing on these parameters. These factors are location of construction objects in different parts of the city and, thus, different height restrictions, different average construction cost and different land acquisition cost]. After getting the results of the analysis [the conclusion will be made why the construction of residential building can be considered more appropriate in Krasnoselsky District (on the outskirts of the city) and less appropriate in Petrogradsky District (the center of the city) from the economic point of view. After all it will be possible to define economic feasibility of residential building construction in different parts of the city. This pattern will be also true for many other big cities
Шлычкова Дарита Максимовна, Ватин Николай Иванович
В статье содержится информация о новой структуре поверхности стальных листов, представленной трехмерными шестиугольными «сотами». Описываются исследованные свойства несущей способности стальных структурированных стальных листов — согласно исследованиям, структурированная пластина может выдерживать силу несколько раза выше, чем плоская пластина. Это даёт возможность использовать такую структуру в строительстве, например, как альтернативу тонкостенным легким стальным плоским профилям. Также в статье описаны трудности, связанные с процессом производства данной структуры материала. Был проведен расчет в программе Abaqus пластин размерами 400х400 мм с разной ориентацией сот. Были исследованы четыре типа пластин: плоские пластины и структурированные листы с углом поворота 0°, 45°,90°. Установлены значения прогибов для этих пластин при одинаковой внешней нагрузке
Антипов Даниил Александрович, Гонякина Екатерина Николаевна, Бойчев Веселин, Комарчев Сергей Валерьевич
В статье рассматривается возможность применения ERP-систем на российских стройках как способ решения проблем, связанных с рисками, возникающими на строительных объектах. После успешного внедрения ERP-системы на одной из строек Санкт-Петербурга риски несвоевременного завершения строительства, не сдачи объекта с требуемым качеством и с превышением сметной стоимости значительно снизились, потому что ERP-система даёт заказчику объективную информацию о ходе работ на строительной площадке, их динамике и качестве конечного продукта. Эта информация позволяет руководству стройки принимать грамотные управленческие решения по оптимизации строительного процесса на объекте.
Gilemkhanov Rustam, Lukichev Sergey, Drobina Larisa, Braila Natalya
Russian housing facilities services are in critical condition. Modernization requires over 9 trillion rubles. Currently the state has no such funds, and according to plan from all sources during the period 2010-2020 it is planned more than 4 trillion rubles. Thus, the government needs to find other sources of funding reforms. The obvious solution is to engage the public-private partnership. However, the municipal facilities are unattractive for business for a number of reasons, described in this article. Therefore, the aim of the article is to search and analyse effective models of public-private partnerships for use in the Russian municipal facilities sector. Actuality of work is conditioned by the fact that the problem is recognized at the state level. The article studies such a financial model for attracting private investment in construction and reconstruction of infrastructure municipal facilities. The results of effective models for use in the construction and reconstruction of municipal facilities is BOLT [construction, ownership, lease, transfer] (not valid for important facilities: nuclear power plants, hydroelectric, etc.) and BOT [building, operation, transfer]
Shatornaya A.M., Chislova M.M., Drozdetskaya M.A., Ptuhina I.S.
This article studies the efficiency of new technology – 3D printing by concrete. The creators of this equipment argue that it can save significant amount of funds, when used for building construction. This research looks into how using of 3D printer can save time needed for building frame construction and how it may affect the total construction cost. In this article you can see the results of calculation of labor and material costs for two types of houses: printed with a 3D printer and made of aircrete blocks. Moreover, the percentage of profit, based on potential time saved and the total cost of a single-story building were calculated. As a result of the research, it was concluded that 3D printing technology will be beneficial for construction companies engaged in large-scale low-rise construction.